Análisis de mortalidad y estancia hospitalaria en cirugía cardiaca en México 2015: datos del Instituto Nacional de Cardiología / Analysis of mortality and hospital stay in cardiac surgery in Mexico 2015: Data from the National Cardiology Institute

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar las causas de mortalidad hospitalaria de pacientes operados de cirugía cardiaca en México en el año 2015. Identificar los factores de riesgo de mortalidad y realizar una correlación con el tiempo de estancia hospitalaria en terapia intensiva cardiovascular. Método: Estudio de casos y controles. Se estudió la base de datos de la Terapia Intensiva Cardiovascular del Instituto Nacional de Cardiología. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes adultos operados de cirugía cardiaca en el año 2015. Resultados: Se operaron 571 pacientes. La indicación quirúrgica predominante fue la cirugía de cambio valvular único o múltiple, seguida de la cirugía de revascularización coronaria y corrección de cardiopatías congénitas del adulto. La mortalidad global fue de un 9.2% y el 8% falleció en terapia intensiva. Los principales factores de riesgo de muerte fueron la presencia de falla orgánica o hipertensión pulmonar prequirúrgica, y el tiempo prolongado de circulación extracorpórea. La principal causa de muerte fue el choque cardiogénico. La mortalidad hospitalaria observada en esta población fue mayor para los operados de tromboendarterectomía pulmonar, cirugía de enfermedad aórtica compleja y cirugía valvular. Conclusiones: La mortalidad de los pacientes operados de cirugía cardiaca en México difiere levemente de la reportada en la literatura mundial porque se trata mayormente de cirugía multivalvular y de procedimientos quirúrgicos mixtos complejos.

Abstract Objective: To analyse hospital mortality in patients subjected to cardiac surgery in Mexico during the year 2015, and identify the mortality risks factors, and its correlation with days of hospital stay in the cardiovascular intensive care unit. Method: The database of Cardiovascular Intensive Care of the National Institute of Cardiology was examined for this cases and controls study that included only adult patients subjected to cardiac surgery during the year 2015. Results: A total of 571 patients were subjected to a surgical procedure. The predominant indication was single or multiple valve replacement surgery, followed by coronary revascularisation surgery, and correction of adult congenital heart disease. Overall mortality was 9.2, and 8% died in intensive care. The main risk factors for death were preoperative organ failure or pulmo- nary hypertension, and prolonged time with extracorporeal circulation. The primary cause of death was secondary to cardiogenic shock. The hospital mortality observed in this population was higher for patients undergoing pulmonary thromboendarterectomy, complex aortic disease surgery, and valvular surgery. Conclusions: The mortality of patients undergoing cardiac surgery in Mexico differs slightly from that reported in the world literature, primarily because there were more multivalvular surgeries and mixed complex procedures performed.

Postoperative management of pulmonary endarterectomy and outcome.

Pulmonary artery thromboendarterectomy (PTE) has been regarded as a promising, potentially curative surgical procedure. However, PTE is associated with specific postoperative complications, such as reperfusion pulmonary edema and right heart failure leading to a considerable mortality of 7-24%. Despite its limitations PTE is a better surgical alternative to lung transplantation which carries high morbidity and mortality. The aim of the study is to analyze the efficacy, safety, morbidity and survival associated in the postoperative period and quality of life after six months of PTE in Indian patients. Forty-one patients with surgically correctable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension underwent pulmonary endarterectomy. All patients were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class II, III or IV. Preoperative mean pulmonary artery pressure was 40.98 ± 9.29 mmHg and mean pulmonary vascular resistance was 418.39 ± 95.88 dynes/sec/cm -5 . All patients were followed up to six months and a telephonic survey was conducted using a standard questionnaire. They were assessed and classified as per NYHA grading. There was a significant reduction in the mean pulmonary artery pressure (from 40.98 ± 9.29 mmHg to 24.13 ± 7.36 mmHg, P < 0.001) and pulmonary vascular resistance (from 418.39 ± 95.88 dynes/sec/cm -5 to 142.45 ± 36.27 dynes/sec/cm -5 , P < 0.001) with a concomitant increase in the cardiac index (from 1.99 ± 0.20 L/min/m 2 to 3.28 ± 0.56 L/min/m 2 , P < 0.001) during the postoperative period. The mortality rate in our study was 12.19% (five patients). Ninety per cent of the patients reported a significant improvement in the quality of life and exercise tolerance after surgery compared to the preoperative state. Pulmonary endarterectomy is an effective and potentially curative surgical treatment for patients with severe chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. The current techniques of operation make the procedure relatively safe and long-term survival, NYHA functional status and exercise capacity improve significantly.

Revascularizaçäo do miocárdio com endarterectomia da artéria coronária: estratificaçäo dos fatores de risco de mortalidade imediata / Myocardial revascularization with coronary endarterectomy: stratification of risk factors for early mortality

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk factors for mortality related to myocardial revascularization when performed in association with coronary endarterectomy. METHODS: We assessed retrospectively 353 patients who underwent 373 coronary endarterectomies between January '89 and November '98, representing 3.73 percent of the myocardial revascularizations in this period of time. The arteries involved were as follows: right coronary artery in 218 patients (58.45 percent); left anterior descending in 102 patients (27.35 percent); circumflex artery in 39 patients (10.46 percent); and diagonal artery in 14 patients (3.74 percent). We used 320 (85.79 percent) venous grafts and 53 (14.21 percent) arterial grafts. RESULTS: In-hospital mortality among our patients was 9.3 percent as compared with 5.7 percent in patients with myocardial revascularizations without endarterectomy (p=0.003). Cause of death was related to acute myocardial infarction in 18 (54.55 percent) patients. The most significant risk factors for mortality identified were as follows: diabetes mellitus (p=0.001; odds ratio =7.168), left main disease (<0.001; 9.283), female sex (0.01; 3.111), acute myocardial infarction (0.02; 3.546), ejection fraction <35 percent (<0.001; 5.89), and previous myocardial revascularization (<0.001; 4.295). CONCLUSION: Coronary endarterectomy is related to higher mortality, and the risk factors involved are important elements of a poor outcome

Cirurgia de revascularizaçäo do miocárdio associada a endarterectomia de carótida / Myocardial revascularization combined with carotid endartectomy

A oportunidade para realizaçao de endarterectomia de carótida (EC) e revascularizaçao do miocárdio (RM) para doença concomitante ainda é controversa. Entre 1979 e 1994, 10940 pacientes foram operados para revascularizaçao do miocárdio. Cirurgia combinada RM/EC foi realizada em 46 (O,43 por cento) pacientes, no mesmo período. A idade variou de 48 a 76 anos, média de 65,2 anos, sendo 34,7 por cento (l6/46) com 70 anos ou mais; 80,4 por cento eram do sexo masculino. Infarto do miocárdio prévio estava presente em 23 (50 por cento) pacientes. Diabetes mellitus em 10 (21,7 por cento), insuficiência renal crônica em 5 (lO,8 por cento); 29 (63 por cento) estavam em classe funcional III ou IV para angina; havia ICC em 4 (8,6 por cento), lesao obstrutiva significativa em 9 (l9,5 por cento) pacientes em tronco da coronária esquerda; 5 pacientes estavam sendo reoperados para RM e l para RM e EC. Dos 25 pacientes com lesao carotídea bilateral, 4 tinham uma artéria carótida interna ocluída. Vinte e três pacientes tinham tido isquemia cerebral transitória (ICT) e 2 pacientes acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) com seqüela permanente; 21 nao tinham manifestaçao neurológica. Endarterectomia de carótida foi realizada na carótida esquerda em 23, na direita em 14 e bilateral em 9. A RM foi realizada com pontes de safena e artéria torácica interna (ATI), variando de l a 4 pontes, com média de 2,8 pontes por paciente; ll receberam ATI. A mortalidade imediata foi de 8,6 por cento (4/46); AVC permanente nao ocorreu no trans-operatório. Três dos 4 óbitos ocorreram em pacientes com idade igual ou superior a 70 anos. A EC foi realizada após preparo e heparinizaçao do paciente para circulaçao extracorpórea (CEC). Nos 4 pacientes que apresentavam oclusao da artéria carótida interna contra lateral a EC foi realizada após o estabelecimento da CEC com hipotermia sistêmica 25 graus Celsius. Em nenhum caso foi utilizado shunt carotídeo. Nos casos de lesoes cirúrgicas bilaterais, o lado com lesao de maior risco foi operado juntamente com a RM, sendo a outra carótida operada em segundo tempo (em torno de uma semana). Considerando que nenhum dos pacientes apresentou AVC trens-operatório, achamos ser a conduta adequada para essa associaçao de lesoes.